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Each of these relationships reflects a correlation. Which relationship most likely reflects correlation but not causation? $\newline$ Choices: $\newline$ (A) Having more dogs is associated with vacuuming more often. $\newline$ (B) Hosting more dinner parties is associated with vacuuming more often. $\newline$ (C) Cleaning windows more often is associated with vacuuming more often.

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Correlation and causation

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Q. Each of these relationships reflects a correlation. Which relationship most likely reflects correlation but not causation?

\newline

Choices:

\newline

(A) Having more dogs is associated with vacuuming more often.

\newline

(B) Hosting more dinner parties is associated with vacuuming more often.

\newline

(C) Cleaning windows more often is associated with vacuuming more often.

Analyze Relationship Dogs: Analyze the relationship of option (A): Does having more dogs cause one to vacuum more often? While there is a correlation between having more dogs and vacuuming more often due to shedding and the need for cleanliness, it is plausible that the number of dogs directly causes the need to vacuum more. This could be a case of causation.
Analyze Relationship Dinner Parties: Analyze the relationship of option (B): Does hosting more dinner parties cause one to vacuum more often? While there is a correlation because one might want to clean the house before guests arrive, the act of hosting dinner parties itself doesn't directly cause the need to vacuum. It is the desire to have a clean environment for the guests that leads to more frequent vacuuming. This is more likely to be a case of correlation without direct causation.
Analyze Relationship Cleaning Windows: Analyze the relationship of option (C): Does cleaning windows more often cause one to vacuum more often? While someone who is diligent about cleaning might do both tasks frequently, the act of cleaning windows in itself does not cause the need to vacuum. This suggests a correlation due to a third factor (a person's cleaning habits) rather than a direct causation.
Select Likely Correlation: Select the option that most likely reflects correlation but not causation. Based on the analysis, option $(B)$ 'Hosting more dinner parties is associated with vacuuming more often' is the most likely to reflect correlation without direct causation, as the need to vacuum is not directly caused by the dinner parties themselves but rather the desire to present a clean home to guests.

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