Identify Components: Identify the components of the natural logarithm expression. ln(e31) Here, we have the natural logarithm of a fraction where the denominator is e raised to the power of 3.
Apply Power Rule: Apply the logarithm power rule.The power rule of logarithms states that ln(ab)=b⋅ln(a). In this case, we can apply the rule in reverse to move the exponent on e out in front of the logarithm.ln(e31)=ln(1)−ln(e3)
Simplify Logarithms: Simplify the logarithm of 1 and the logarithm of e to the power of 3. ln(1) is 0 because e0=1. ln(e3) is 3 because ln(e)=1, and using the power rule, 3⋅ln(e)=3⋅1=3. So, e0
Calculate Final Result: Calculate the final result.0−3=−3